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Volume 14 (6); November 30, 2024 [Booklet] [EndNote XML for Agris]

Review

Value of horse manure for renewable energy production: anaerobic digestion, biogas generation, and contributions to sustainable development

Yildirim F and Açar Y.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(6): 358-366, 2024; pii: S222877012400041-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.41

Abstract

There are various methods like composting, combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and anaerobic digestion to convert animal wastes that harm the environment into various bio-products. Horse manure containing lower ash and higher rate of lignin compositions can be potentially reuse as a valuable feedstock in anaerobic digestion method to produce nutrient-rich digestate (bio-fertilizer) clean and cheap biofuels, and bio-energy to replace the cost effective fossil fuels which not only make climate change but harms our health by generating toxic emissions and contamination of soil and water. Therefore, converting bio wastes into useful green resources especially using anaerobic co-digestion is necessary to reduce their adverse environmental impact and can contributes towards the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13 and 15. As can be seen today, various animal manure types have begun to be used in different situations for their green benefits. This review aimed to provide an overview of the transformation of horse manure into compost, biogas in terms of its preferability as a renewable energy source or a value-added product that mitigate the environmental problems and contribute to the SDGs specially 7, 9, 12, and 13. The potential of animal manure to produce biomaterials, organic acids, biofuels and bioenergy is clear. Therefore, bioprocesses or biorefineries using this biomass as raw material may be promising in the near future in the context of bioeconomy, may help increase renewable energy production and may become capable of promoting innovation that boosts the value of livestock-derived organic fertilizers. There are still needs to extend the development of technologies for converting on-site bio waste resources to useful forms, exploring new and safe biological conversion pathways and bio waste processing methods.
Keywords: Anerobic digestion, Bioenergy, Biogas production, Circular economy, Horse manure, Sustainable development goal

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Research Paper

Effect of Leucaena leucocephala-based multi-nutrient lick blocks on the feed intake and growth performance of buffaloes

Llantada PLT, Castillo CI, Uy-De Guia MRD, Amido RD, Grospe VKA, Lavarias PJF, Gonzales EG, and Del Barrio AN.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(6): 367-375, 2024; pii: S222877012400042-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.42

Abstract

Ruminant production in the Philippines is often hindered by limited access to high-quality feed, leading to suboptimal animal growth and productivity. To address these challenges, this study evaluated the locally made multi-nutrient lick block (MNLB) containing ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala), a legume known for its nutritional value. A 30-day palatability test was conducted to assess the acceptability of the developed MNLB, using 5 male buffaloes with an average weight of 245 ± 5 kg. Additionally, a 90-day- feeding trial was carried out using 15 growing buffaloes (average age: 13.5 months, weight: 243.83 ± 5 kg), randomly assigned to three treatment groups: T1 or control (non-supplemented), T2 or commercial mineral block, and T3 or MNLB, to evaluate the growth performance, nutrient utilization, and economic viability of the legume-based MNLB. Results demonstrated that the MNLB was palatable to the animals, with an average daily consumption of 192.10 g/animal/day, providing adequate nutritional value to meet the buffaloes’ daily requirements. Moreover, MNLB supplementation significantly enhanced dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) intake compared to control and commercial mineral block groups. The average DM intake for T3 was 9.88 kg, and the average CP intake was 1006 g, compared to T1 (9.56 kg DM intake and 983 g CP intake) and T2 (9.59 kg DM intake and 984 g CP intake). While the commercial mineral block showed positive results, the MNLB outperformed in terms of nutritional value. In terms of cost-effectiveness, the MNLB can serve as an alternative feed supplement for small- scale farmers, offering a lower- cost option compared to commercial feed supplements. The study concluded that the MNLB has potential as a practical solution to address the nutritional challenges faced by ruminant producers in resource-limited environments. By providing a nutrient-rich and safe feed supplement, the MNLB can contribute to improved animal health, productivity, and overall farm profitability.
Keywords: Legume, Leucaena leucocephala, Multi-nutrient supplementation, Ruminants, Urea based feed supplements, Water buffalo.

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Research Paper

Occurrence and levels of aflatoxin contamination in poultry feed ingredients and layer mash in farms and feed mills in Ghana

Nkansah B, Adjorlolo L, Appiah-Opong R and Obese F.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(6): 376-382, 2024; pii: S222877012400043-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.43

Abstract

The study assessed the incidence and contamination levels of total aflatoxins (TAF) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in feed ingredients and compound layer mash from six regions in Ghana. Thirty-five facilities comprising commercial poultry farms and feed mills were used in the study. There was 100% incidence of TAF and AFB1 in the samples of layer mash and feed ingredients (maize, soybean meal and wheat bran). The TAF of layer mash, maize and soybean meal (55.2, 54.0 and 47.6 µgkg-1, respectively) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than TAF of wheat bran (28.6 µgkg-1). Most of the layer mash, soybean meal and wheat bran samples had TAF concentrations exceeding the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) maximum limit of 20 µgkg-1. Mean TAF concentrations in layer mash and maize samples were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.50; P < 0.018). Layer mash, maize and soybean meal had significantly higher (P< 0.05) AFB1 concentrations (33.0, 35.1, 26.5 µgkg-1, respectively) when compared to wheat bran (13.8 µgkg-1). Most layer mash and maize samples exceeded the European Commission’s maximum limits of 20 and 50 µgkg-1 respectively for AFB1. Mean AFB1 concentrations in layer mash and maize samples were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.54; P = 0.01). High aflatoxins contamination of poultry feed is a persistent problem in Ghana. The use of toxin-binders, education of poultry farmers and feed millers on the implication of aflatoxins contamination in poultry feeds and the enforcement of regulation by Ghana’s food and drugs authority is recommended.
Keywords: Aflatoxin B1, Compound feed, Maize, Soybean meal, Total aflatoxin, Wheat bran.

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Research Paper

The effect of neurotropic supplements on lactogenesis in female pigs and the development of their offspring

Khomenko M, Seba M, Ruban S, Holovetskyi I, Kurbatova I, Bogdanova N, Trokhymenko V, and Kepkalo I.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(6): 383-389, 2024; pii: S222877012400044-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.44

Abstract

The aim of study was to evaluate the influence of biologically active additives on the hormonal status of lactating sows and the absolute growth of suckling piglets. Glutam 1M, nanoaquachelates of germanium (NPs-Ge) and Quatronan-Se (Cu-NPs, Se-NPs, Cr-NPs, Ge-NPs, Mn-NPs) have been administered orally (lat. per os) for animals in different percentage doses and schemes. Five animals groups have been formed by the method of analogues: control (20 ml physiological solution) and four experimental (group M: 18 mg/kg Glutam 1M; group G18: 5 μg/kg Ge-NP + 18 mg/kg Glutam 1M; group G9: 5 μg/kg Ge-NP + 9 mg/kg Glutam 1M; and group Q: Quatronan-Se (0.02 ml/kg) administered for 14 days). Results showed positive effects of the use of supplements on prolactin secretion. Administration of 5 mg/kg live weight NPs-Ge for sows G18 and G9 for 4 days before the farrowing increased the level of prolactin in the blood serum. On farrowing day, the hormone level in these groups was 14.6 ng/ml (G18) and 13.42 ng/ml (G9), while in K and M groups it was 12.02 and 9.94 ng/ml, respectively. On the day of weaning, the highest prolactin content has been observed in the G18 group as 14.9 ng/ml. Also, suckling piglets from this group have had the highest growth during the studied period. During the entire suckling period, the growth of piglets in the G18 group was 3.65 kg and was higher compared to the K (2.94 kg), M (3.58 kg), G9 (3.31 kg) and Q (3.44 kg) groups. It’s suggested that the scheme introduction of Germanium (5 mg/kg) additives, 4 days before and 10 days after farrowing + Glutam 1M (18 mg/kg) 3 days after farrowing is the most effective (group G18) in means of growth performance.
Keywords: Biologically active drugs, Glutam 1M, Prolactin, Hormone, Sows.

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Research Paper

Evaluation of the stinging nettle (Urtica simensis) as non-conventional animal feedstuff in selected highland areas of South Wollo of Ethiopia

Abera F, Seid A and Kehaliew A.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(6): 390-401, 2024; pii: S222877012400045-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.45

Abstract

This study assessed the use of stinging nettle as animal feed and evaluated its biomass yield and nutritional quality in Dessie Zuria and Legambo districts, Ethiopia. Data were collected from 384 randomly selected respondents and growing niches across 8 kebeles. Findings indicated a demand for 1935 tons of dry matter (DM), while available feed resources contributed only 915.41 tons of DM, highlighting a significant feed shortage. Stinging nettle, which remains vegetative in both wet and dry seasons, was identified as a potential supplementary feed. Over 77.86% of respondents reported that ruminants consume the leaves and stems, while 13.02% noted that chickens rarely use the leaves, and equines never consume any part of the plant. Cattle preferred stinging nettle in both seasons, but small ruminants showed preference only during the dry season, and chickens showed the least preference in the wet season. Most households (83.6-89.3%) treated the plant by wilting it for 2-6 hours, while others (4.40-10.16%) dry it, and the rest (4.69-9.89%) mix it with other feeds to minimize its stinging nature. Common growing niches for stinging nettle include backyards, pastureland, and roadsides, with the first producing a higher biomass yield of 22.29 tons/ha (P<0.02) than the roadsides (14.89 tons/ha), and the pastureland yielded intermediate biomass (19.21 tons/ha). Stinging nettle from pastureland niche had higher crude protein (CP, 25.26%) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (60.90%, P<0.001). The ash (7.90%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, 39.74%), and acid detergent fiber (24.16%) contents were lower for samples taken from the pastureland niche. In conclusion, stinging nettle is suitable for supplementation due to its favorable nutritional qualities. Further studies, such as animal feeding trials and investigations into anti-nutritional factors, are needed for more detailed information on the use of the stinging nettle plant as an animal feedstuff.
Keywords: Agro-ecology, Biomass yield, Growing niche, Nutritional quality, Stinging nettle, Wilting.

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Research Paper

Growth performance, haematological and serum biochemical indices of weaner pigs fed Carica papaya seed and leaf meal as dietary supplement

Nkwocha G, Ekenyem B, Anukam K, Adeolu A, Nwose R, Ahaotu E, Anosike F and Callistus M.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(6): 402-409, 2024; pii: S222877012400046-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.46

Abstract

A 28-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the performance characteristics and hemato-biochemical parameters of weaner pigs fed graded levels of Carica papaya seed and leaf meal supplementation. A total of 36 cross-bred (Large white x Landrace) strains of weaner pigs of average initial weight of 8.86+0.10 kg were used for the study. Four treatment diets designated T1, T2, T3 and T4 replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design (CRD) were formulated to include the Carica papaya leaf and seed meal at 0, 1, 2 and 3% levels, respectively. Data were collected on daily feed intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), cost benefit analysis, hematological indices and serum biochemistry. The body weight gain of the weaner pigs was highest in T4 (3%) Carica papaya seed and leaf meal mix (CSLM) supplementation with the value of 353 g while the least value of 228 g was recorded by T2 which significantly differed (P<0.05) from the control group. Hemato-biochemical parameters showed significant differences (P<0.05) between treatments, indicating positive influence of CSLM on the investigated parameters. The blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase concentration increased as the dietary levels of CLSM increased in the diets. Based on the above findings, it is recommended that CLSM can be included at a level of 3% for optimum performance, hemato-biochemical stability and profit maximization.
Keywords: Carica papaya, Dietary supplementation, Haematology, Serum biochemistry, Weaner pigs, biochemistry, supplement

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Research Paper

Evaluation of nutritional composition of major available feed resources for backyard sheep fattening in southern Ethiopia

Galchu TU and Wondater WB.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(6): 410-423, 2024; pii: S222877012400047-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.47

Abstract

The study was conducted in the Bule district of Gedeo zone in southern Ethiopia to assess the available feed resources for sheep fattening and their chemical composition in backyard sheep fattening operations. A reconnaissance study identified the main sources of feed, followed by a multi-stage sampling procedure to select kebeles and households involved in sheep fattening. Six kebeles were specifically selected based on sheep population, experienced fatteners and accessibility. A total of 126 households were randomly selected for the study. The main food sources included natural pasture, stubble pasture, forage, bamboo leaves, enset (Ensete ventricosum), crop residues, desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum), tree alfalfa, kitchen residues and mill products. Feed samples were taken for laboratory analysis, and the average values for dry matter (88.3%), ash (10.71%), organic matter (77.25%), crude protein (11.21%), neutral detergent fibers (60.2%), and acidic detergent fibers yielded (39.42%) and acidic detergent lignin (10.22%). Tree alfalfa (26.06%), mill products (16.11%), green fodder (13.88%), and bamboo leaf (12.45%) had the highest crude protein content. Bamboo leaves (21.15%), forage (15.17%), and stubble pasture (12.36%) provided suitable ash levels for mineral intake. However, concerns arise regarding fiber content in crop residues, grazing practices, and bamboo leaf quality, affecting feed intake, digestibility, and absorption. Promising feeds such as alfalfa, mill products, and forage boost high protein content, but better fiber management is essential for feeds with excessive fiber. Tailored feeding strategies, enhanced feed conversion, and thorough training for sheep fatteners are pivotal to address these challenges.
Keywords: Bamboo leaf, Desho grass, Ensete ventricosum, Fattening, Feed Resource, Sheep.

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