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Volume 14 (5); September 30, 2024; In Progress

Research Paper

Physical properties of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) shoot-based wafers with different adhesive types

Ikhlas Z, Jamarun N, Zain M, Pazla R, Yanti G, and Utami BV.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(5): 287-294, 2024; pii: S222877012400033-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.33

Abstract

Wafers (wafer-feed) are an effective processing technology and are expected to maintain the continuous availability of animal feed during the dry season. The purpose of this study was to determine the best type of adhesive on the physical quality of sugarcane tops and Tithonia based wafers. This study used the Split Split Plot Design (SSPD). The main plot as factor A was the type of adhesive, consisting of: Tapioca flour (A1), Pathi flour (A2), Gaplek flour (A3), Kariginan flour (A4), palm sugar (A5). The subplots as Factor B are temperature which consists of: 100oC (B1), 110oC (B2), and 120oC (B3), while the subplots as factor C are oven time consisting of: 10 minutes (C1), 15 minutes (C2), and 20 minutes (C3). The forage used was tabu pulp (Saccharum officinarum) and Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) in the ratio of 60:40. The best adhesive in making sugarcane tops and Tithonia based wafers is  tapioca flour with a temperature of 120oC for 20 minutes, with physical properties such as colour, aroma, and excellent texture with a range (3.73, 3.70, and 3.63), density with a value of 5.68 g/cm3, and water binding capacity with a value of 104.22%. From the research it can be concluded that there are interactions on the physical properties of wafers (colour, aroma, and smell), density and water binding capacity.
Keywords: Binding, Physical qualities, Sugarcane shoots, Tithonia diversifolia, Wafer

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Short Communication

Effects of season on metabolic profile of Holstein Friesian cows in postpartum period

Hadžimusić N and Hadžijunuzović-Alagić D.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(5): 295-299, 2024; pii: S222877012400034-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.34

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine metabolic profile of Holstein-Friesian cows in the postpartum period, as well as the effect of season on metabolic profile. The postpartum period is essential in the reproductive life of high yielding dairy cows because of its impact on future gravidity. This study included 60 cows up to 15 days after parturition, aged 2-8 years (the largest number of cows was between 3 and 5 years old) with no apparent clinical problems. Cows were sampled in summer season (n=30) and winter season (n=30). Parameters of metabolic profile were determined as follows: glucose, albumin, total protein, cholesterol, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urea, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.  Statistical differences were considered significant at the p<0.05. Present research showed that all investigated parameters were within a reference range for cattle. Impact of season sampling was determined for glucose, albumin, total protein, cholesterol and phosphorus, while bilirubin, calcium, magnesium, urea as well as activities of ALT, AST and LDH were unaffected by the season of sampling. In conclusion, metabolic status is affected by the season and examination during postpartum period can provide valuable information of cows' health status, in order to diagnose and moreover prevent postpartum diseases.
Keywords: Cows, Climate, Health status, Metabolic profile, Postpartum period.

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Research Paper

Effects of dietary protein content on the productive and reproductive performance of unselected rabbit does and their litters during first two lactations

Saidj D, Iles I, Moula N, Boukert R, Ain Baziz H, Dorbane Z, Mefti-Korteby H, Hornick JL, and Kadi SA.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(5): 300-308, 2024; pii: S222877012400035-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.35

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of different dietary protein levels on the productive performance of unselected rabbit does and their litters during their first two lactations. For this purpose, fifty-two nulliparous rabbit does, 4.5 months of age and live weight of 3115 ± 71 g, were divided into three groups (17 or 18 females per group), kept in individual cages and each group received only one of the three experimental diets. These diets were iso-energetic (10.8 MJ DE/kg), but with increasing levels of crude protein (CP): 15%, 17% and 19 % for the low (L), medium (M) or high (H) diets, respectively. Breeding was carried out by natural copulation using 6 males of 5-6 months of age and 2865±21 g initial weight, controlled semi-intensive lactation and weaning at 35 days after birth. Female body weight, feed intake, milk production, litter size and weight were monitored at birth and weekly after parturition during the first two lactations. The protein intake of the rabbits increased with the amount of protein in the diet (L vs. M: +12.2%; L vs. H: +18.8%; p < 0.001), without any effect on milk production and feed intake. Milk production was unaffected by parity. Throughout the pre-weaning period, litter size and weight and maternal mortality were unaffected by dietary protein level. Dietary protein level had no effect on live weight, birth to weaning weight gain, milk production or feed intake during the first two consecutive lactations of rabbit does.
Keywords: Feed Intake, Litter parameters, Milk production, Protein content, Unselected rabbit does, Weight gain.

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Research Paper

Nutrient profile, protease and cellulase activities of protein extracted from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae reared on various substrates

Widiyastuti T, Rahayu S, Suryapratama W and Suhartati FM.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(5): 309-320, 2024; pii: S222877012400036-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.36

Abstract

The Black Soldier Fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae are recognized for their ability to convert diverse organic materials into protein-rich biomass, depending on the substrate they consume. The composition of these substrates can significantly impact the nutrient profile and enzyme activities of the resulting maggot protein extract (MPE). Therefore, this exploratory research aimed to assess the nutrient content, protease, and cellulase activity of MPE obtained from BSF maggots reared on different substrates, with a specific focus on substrates A (comprising restaurant waste and rejected milk), B (layer manure), and C (kitchen waste). The results showed that maggot meal from layer manure had the highest protein content (45.36%) and the lowest fat content (18.44%). Amino acids in maggot meal contained high levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Lauric acids were found in maggot meal from kitchen waste (33.79%), layer manure (32.18%), and restaurant waste and rejected milk (22.94%). Maggot meal from layer manure had the highest oleic acid content (15.13%). The protein concentration of MPE from various substrates ranged from 0.56 to 0.601 mg/ml (at 60% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation) and 0.555 to 0.609 mg/ml (at 70% ammonium sulfate saturation). The protease activity of MPE from layer manure substrates exhibited optimum activity and stability in neutral to alkaline pH, with activity levels of 0.748 U/mg at pH 7.0 and pH 11.0 (at 60% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation) and 0.774 units/mg at 70% w/v ammonium sulfate saturation. The highest cellulase activity was found in MPE from kitchen waste, which remained stable at pH 5.0-11.0. In general, maggots from different substrate sources exhibited distinct nutrient profiles and enzyme activities. Protein extract from maggots grown in layer manure showed the most suitable nutrient profile for use as an alternative source of protein feed and protease enzymes.
Keywords: Amino acid, Chemical profile, Enzymes, Fatty acid, Maggot.

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Research Paper

Detection and prevalence of Leucocytozoon spp. in Local chicken breeds in Al Muthanna province of Iraq

Alabadi IKM, Abbass ZAA, Alkhuzaie SS, and Khayoon HA.

Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 14(5): 321-329, 2024; pii: S222877012400037-14

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51227/ojafr.2024.37

Abstract

Leucocytozoon spp., a hemiparasite commonly found in birds with economic impacts in poultry production. The present study investigates the presence of Leukocytozoon in chickens in Al Muthanna province of Iraq. Eighty-one blood samples collected from chickens in areas like Samawah, Rumaitha, Warkaa and Kidhre to examine the prevalence of Leucocytozoon. The investigations found that a 6.1% infection rate among chicken breeds. The study highlighted the main symptoms which were decreased egg production, anemia, and loss of appetite as indicators of infection. Notably, infections were most prevalent in Rumaitha, Khidr and Samawah regions while no cases were reported in Warka. Treatment methods included Primaquine and Pyrimethamine alongside care to manage the condition effectively. It is important to mention that the observed prevalence rate in chickens was lower compared to studies on birds in Iraq where an overall blood parasite prevalence of 15% was documented. This difference could be attributed to factors like habitat variations, vector presence, or differing susceptibility, among bird species.
Keywords: Al-Muthana region, Avian health, Flocks, Hemiparasite, Leucocytozoon spp.

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