2020 SCIENCELINE  
Online Journal of Animal and Feed Research  
Volume 10, Issue 5: 197-202; September 25, 2020  
ISSN 2228-7701  
IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY BASED BREEDING  
PROGRAM TO IMPROVE GROWTH RATE AND MILK  
PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF ABERGELLE GOAT  
  
Bewketu AMARE , Mulatu GOBEZE and Bekahgn WONDIM  
Sekota Dry land Agricultural Research Center, P.O.Box 62 Sekota, Ethiopia  
Email: bewketa21@gmail.com;  
: 0000-0002-5739-7438  
Supporting Information  
ABSTRACT: The study aimed to identify farmers breeding objective and trait preference criteria, devising and  
implementing a pilot selective breeding scheme and establishing a model goat development scheme that can  
be applied under village conditions. A total of 1372 goats from 32 households were monitored for  
selection and data collection on growth performance, milk production, reproductive performance and  
other important characteristics. Best bucks were selected at yearly basis based on their indexed estimated  
breeding value and unselected bucks were culled from the population through castration and sale. Birth type,  
year of birth and parity had significant effect on pre-weaning growth performances. In this intervened pilot  
village with three round selections mean birth and yearling weight of kids had increased from 1.6±0.05 Kg and  
15.4±0.4 Kg to 2.3±0.06 Kg and 16.8±0.45 Kg, respectively. Total lactation milk yield was significantly affected  
by birth season and year while lactation length was affected by parity of doe’s in addition to birth season and  
year. Average daily milk yield of doe’s was 422.3±120.3 ml and it was significantly differed between  
years. Higher body weight of the adult male (birth weight through yearling weight) with its color and strong  
feeding behavior were the most preferable traits, on the other hand milk production and good mothering ability  
were set for the doe’s. In general, the breeding program was feasible, simple and compatible strategy to the  
smallholder farmers breeding practices as it avoids negative selection by allowing elite selected bucks  
for next generation. Genetic improvement in a single pilot-village will not bring an overall population  
improvement of the breed, and hence there is a need of scaling out of the breeding program to all the  
neighboring communities. Reproductive technologies (estrus synchronization with timed artificial insemination)  
need to be used. Since larger number of nine month to yearling male goats are leaving the village in one or  
other reasons, selection of bucks starting from nine months of age should be emphasized in the future. All  
doe’s are not productive in terms of higher litter size and milk production at every stage of their  
reproductive age. So, keeping of very high parity dams will not provide profitable income to the households.  
Forage development strategies should be designed to improve data quality, increase production capacity of the  
breed and sustainability of the breeding program.  
Key words: Abergelle goat, Birth weight, Selection, Traditional breeding system, Yearling weight  
INTRODUCTION  
Smallholder farmers in are obliged to search options to cope up under the existing conditions and pushed to livestock  
production in general, and small ruminant husbandry especially goats in particular, which become the major component  
of the farming system in the area (Yeheyis et al., 2012; Belay, 2013; Alubel, 2015). Abergelle goat, one of the most  
important goat breeds in Ethiopia have a population of 300,000 (Farm Africa, 1996) distributing in all agro-ecological  
zones of Waghimra contributes about 70% of liquid cash incomes of the household in lowland areas (FAO, 2019). This  
breed is characterized by its lower body weight, lower production potential, longer kidding interval and lower litter size  
with better meat quality and temperament in comparison to other indigenous goat breeds (Belay and Taye, 2013;  
Solomon, 2014; Alubel, 2015; Vorobyov et al., 2019). In addition, the growing demand of meat at the domestic as well as  
at the international markets increases the importance of goat in the national economy of the developing country  
(Solomon et al., 2014). Despite of the large population and multidirectional roles of goats in the area (Ethiopia), their  
productivity and contribution to the household as well as to the national economy is far below to its potential. Many of  
biological, environmental and socioeconomic constraints critically affected the sector. Among the constraints  
aforementioned here, biological factors especially poor genetic performance of indigenous breeds takes the lion share of  
overall lower productivity of livestock sector. Systematic breeding programs that can improve the genetic  
performance of indigenous breeds are not in place in our country. Little is known about the goat production  
system, breeding structure, genetic potential, breeding objective and their constraints and opportunities. Many  
small ruminant cross breeding activities in tropical countries are not effective due to incompatibility of genotypes  
to farmers breeding objectives, management method and prevailing environment of low input smallholding production  
system (Ayalew et al., 2003; Kosgey et al., 2006; Solomon, 2014). Thus, selective pure breeding of the adapted  
197  
Citation: Amare B, Gobeze M and Wondim B (2020). Implementation of community based breeding program to improve growth rate and milk production performance of  
abergelle goat. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(5): 197-202.  
indigenous breeds is the best possible option of genetic improvement in the tropical countries (Marshall et al.,  
2019). Pure breeding applying community based breeding program is more appropriate breeding program for such a  
production systems (Solomon et al., 2009; Solomon et al., 2014). It is a new approach of genetic improvement  
program proposed for the low input traditional smallholder farming system as it considers the indigenous  
knowledge of the communities on breeding practices and breeding objectives (Aynalem et al., 2011; Wurzinger et  
al., 2011; Solomon, 2013; Solomon, 2014). A holistic community based selective breeding with growth only or very few  
traits considering the existing production system was a recommended approach for genetic improvement of  
Abergelle goat breed (Solomon et al., 2014). Therefore, the study was designed with the objectives of: defining  
farmers’ goat selective breeding objectives, devising and implementing a pilot breeding scheme that can be applied  
under village conditions and finally establishing a model goat development village for technology testing,  
demonstration and promotion.  
MATERIALS AND METHODS  
Description of the study area  
The study was conducted at Abergelle district, located at 12º56´02˝N and 38º57´22˝E which is 15 and 45 Km far  
from the district Niruak and Sekota towns, respectively. The district has an area of 176,664.56 ha. Abergelle district has  
rugged topography characterized by mountains, steep escarpments and deeply incised valleys. The production system of  
Abergelle district is mixed crop-livestock system with high priority of Abergelle goat production. The traditional  
agro-ecological classification of the district comprises of Kola and dry-Woyna-Dega/dry-sub-moist highland with a  
respective share of 85 and 15 percent (Solomon, 2014). The rainfall of the district is very short with an erratic distribution.  
The mean annual average rainfall of the area was 250-750 mm. with mean annual temperature of 23-37OC. the main  
rainy season in the area starts from late June and to mid-July and ends during late August.  
Selection Criteria of the village  
The district was selected based on goat production potential, separate herding practice of their flock in the  
village, accessibility of roa and feed resources under irrigation and willingness of the farmers to participate in a  
community based goat improvement program. Initially, a total of 23 goat keepers were selected and had a continuous  
discussion on the principle and implication of community based goat improvement program. At the end of the  
discussions, 17 volunteer farmers were selected for final implementation of the activity and further baseline survey study.  
General household characteristics, purpose of keeping goats, livestock ownership, flock structure, trait selection criteria’s  
of farmers, performance of goats, management and breeding practices and goat production constraints had been  
assessed. General information and farming systems of the study area were obtained from survey report by Solomon  
(2014) and Sekota Dry land Agricultural Research Center survey report as the district is one of the center’s research  
mandate area. As well, reports of district office of agriculture and rural development were considered as secondary  
information during selection of the project village.  
Recording and flock management  
Two participating farmers from the project village were recruited and trained as an enumerator. Their roles were to  
coordinate the breeding program and collect pedigree and performance data from the participating village flocks. All  
animals in the villages were uniquely identified using plastic ear tags. In addition, local names were provided for each  
individual that helped us during the loss of an ear tag and to simplify the data recording processes. Data collection  
commenced prior to the start of the first round of selection. Baseline information collected includes parity of the doe's  
using farmer recall method, age of the doe's based on their dentition and farmers information, total flock number  
with each age class category of the households; and date of birth, dam identity, milk yield of the dam, birth weight and  
subsequent weights of kids sired by non-selected village bucks at the start of the breeding program. The  
performance of kids sired by unselected village sires served as a baseline or contrasts against which the genetic  
progress resulting from selection was assessed. After the selection activity started, data on mating, kidding and body  
weights were recorded. The enumerators made rounds of visits to the villages every morning to record kids born  
identify them by ear tags, milk data measurement and weigh the newborn. The kids were also weighed at three, six,  
nine and twelve months of age. Milk yield data were recorded up to twelve weeks at a week interval.  
Selection and mating  
A one-tier breeding structure was adopted; i.e. selection was implemented in the whole household goat population.  
All first birth kids of the population born from unselected previous village sires were evaluated and selected as first round  
breeding population, after all, the growth performance of individuals and milk production performance of their  
respective dams were recorded. Index selection method were implemented for the first two round selections (on  
yearling weight and dam ADMY traits) and for the recent two rounds selection through estimated breeding value of  
bucks were undertaken. All 10 to 12 month old bucks from all flocks in the project villages were evaluated together as  
cohorts. Selection of the best young buck was planned to be selected based on their yearling weight corrected for non-  
genetic factors (sex, birth type, season of birth, year of birth and parity of the dam) and to subject these criteria further to  
farmers’ selection criteria which have been defined earlier (Solomon, 2014). Farmers, however, put heavier weights on  
their own subjective morpho-metrics type of criteria (i.e. color, body size and conformation) to select the bucks. The  
selected bucks were assigned to buck groups following an own flock mating plan due to larger flock sizes at each  
household by considering the previous mating history of bucks to avoid inbreeding (Solomon et al., 2009).  
Unselected bucks were culled through castration and sale as soon as the selection was done. In cases of small flock  
number faced during the selection process, group mating system was used. Bucks were rotated among the  
198  
Citation: Amare B, Gobeze M and Wondim B (2020). Implementation of community based breeding program to improve growth rate and milk production performance of  
abergelle goat. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(5): 197-202.  
individual members based on mapped rotation modality by considering the grazing management of flocks,  
settlement and previous mating history. After completion of a single breeding season bucks were rotated to other  
farmers by considering the pre-set conditions and finally at the end of service period, they fattened at the cooperative for  
income generation.  
Data analysis  
Descriptive statistics were used to perform simple population characteristics. Own flock ranking and group ranking  
methods described by Solomon (2014) was used to identify the breeding objectives. Production and reproduction  
performance (quantitative) data were analyzed using the GLM procedures of SAS software. Birth type, sex, season of birth,  
parity and year were fitted as fixed factors for body weight variables whereas season of birth, parity and year were fitted  
for milk production traits. Least square mean with respective standard error was separated using Tukey-Kramer  
test. The following models for body weight and milk yield variables with the fixed effects were fitted.  
Yijkl =µ + Bti + Sj +Sbk +P l + Ym+eijklm  
Where:  
Yijlm = the observed growth performance of goat by  
weight mainly at six month to yearling weight  
µ = overall mean  
Yijk= µ + Sbi + Pj+Yk + eijk  
Where:  
Yijkl = the observed milk yield  
µ = overall mean  
Bti= is the effect of ith birth type (Single and twin)  
Sj = is the effect of jth sex (male and female)  
Sbk = is the effect of kth birth season (wet and dry)  
Pl= is the effect of lth parity (first to ninth)  
Ym= is the effect of the mth year (2014-2017)  
eijklm= is random residual error  
Sbi = is the effect of ith birth season (wet and dry)  
Pj = is the effect of jth parity (1-9))  
Yk = is the effect of kth season (2014-2017)  
eijk = is random residual error  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
Breeding objectives and trait selection criteria of farmers  
The primary objective of keeping goats in the study area was to use them as an immediate source of cash income  
and diverse livestock products that sustain the livelihoods of the community due to frequent crop production failure. The  
most preferred trait for doe’s in the community were milk yield, good mothering ability and strong feeding behavior  
(drought resistance) in the existing extreme eroded and undulating areas. And for males, farmers had given more priority  
for color, body conformation and body size trait. The result is illustrated in Table 1.  
Population structure, flock size and off take rates  
The preliminary survey result of this study revealed that the flock size of goats per house hold (mean ± SD) was  
47.75±29. Based on sex 27% of the populations are males and 73% are females. Reproductive doe’s constitute  
the larger number (48%) in the flock because of farmers demand on increased number of offspring's. The results of this  
study is slightly lower than the reports of Belay (2008) and Solomon (2014) who reported 56.6% and 51.8%,  
respectively. Lower number in this study was due to smaller number of household data used in comparison to them.  
Death, sale, share and slaughtering (Figure 1) were the major off take reasons in the monitored flock and the  
overall off take rate was higher at yearling weight and around. This is because during this stage more goats were brought  
to the market, consumed at household level during festivities and shared to herders. Population structure (mean ± SD)  
with in each age class and percentage contribution is presented in Table 2.  
Milk Production  
Milk is the most important product consumed by all households. Milk production performance during the selection  
period presented in (Table 3) was significantly different (p<0.0001) between years. It was significantly varied during each  
year in a decreasing fashion. The mean average daily milk yield (±SD) was 338.8±210 ml. Doe’s that have given birth  
during wet seasons were produced higher amount of milk and longer lactation lengths because of the availability of feed  
was good in this season. The reasons for milk production decline in each year were related to; first, there was higher  
variability of lactation lengths in each year due to scarcity of feed and longer dry season that could not supported milk  
production in the recent two years. Second, flock mobility and dynamics were the most critical problems during the peak  
periods of lactations since farmers obliged to migrate their flocks to distant areas in search of feed for their animals in  
the long dry seasons and this resulted in improper implementation and data recording during these periods.  
Growth performance  
Growth performance was the most single important trait that farmers experienced to select their next parent stock  
conventionally. All growth traits (birth weight, weaning weight, six month weight, nine month weight and yearling weight)  
described in Table 3 and Table 4 was significantly affected by year during the course of selection period. The overall mean  
of weight at birth, three months, six months nine months and twelve months were 2.0±0.04 kg, 7.2±0.17 kg, 10.1±0.25  
kg, 13.0±0.24 kg and 15.9±0.4 kg, respectively. Sex was not significantly affected by pre weaning and post weaning  
weights except at six months of age. Birth type had a significant effect up on the weaning ages and then after it was not  
affected. This could be due to the dependence of kids on their dams during their earlier ages and after their weaning the  
199  
Citation: Amare B, Gobeze M and Wondim B (2020). Implementation of community based breeding program to improve growth rate and milk production performance of  
abergelle goat. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(5): 197-202.  
kids graze on the same grazing land and forages. Season of birth only had a significant effect at birth weight and it didn’t  
affect all other growth performance traits. This is mainly because of the performance of grazing lands in the study area  
were similar that could not make the difference. Males, single born kids and those born during wet seasons had  
significantly higher birth weight than females, twin kids and dry season born ones, respectively. This could be due to  
higher physiological performance of males, under nourishment of the embryo in twins and the availability of forage  
during wet seasons that support increased follicular growth in does, respectively. In addition, the increase in weight at  
different age during the respective years of selection reflected the effectiveness of the breeding program that is  
implemented with a good management practices. The result of this study was higher than the reports of Belay and Taye  
(2013) which was 1.91, 6.84, 9.13 and 14.25 Kg for birth weight, weaning weight, six month weight and yearling weight,  
respectively. Growth performance traits were not significantly affected by parity of the doe but doe’s with earlier and  
higher parity had a potential of giving lower litter. This could be due to underdeveloped state of the reproductive features  
in first parity dams compared with older doe’s that have reached physiological maturity. It was in agreement with some  
other studies and the results of Belay and Taye (2013). Kidding interval, litter size and age at first kidding of the flock  
was almost the same with the results of Solomon (2014), 12.4 months, 1.04 and 15.5 months and lower than the  
reports of Belay (2008). Twining was only 3.4% in the intervened population of goats. This could be due to the fact that  
in this study growth performance records were involved in the selection process as it was a recommended breeding  
design for the breed and recording of multiple traits was not feasible in the community.  
Table 1 - List of preferred traits by farmers (own flock ranking method for females and group animal  
ranking for males), adopted from Solomon (2014).  
Sex  
Traits  
Milk Yield  
Drought resistance  
Body size  
Kid growth  
Percentage (%)  
20.47  
14.96  
14.17  
11.81  
10.24  
9.45  
Female  
Twining  
Kidding Interval  
Other cumulative traits  
Body size  
Color  
Body conformation  
Height  
18.89  
21.03  
23.86  
10.12  
9.09  
Male  
Fast growth  
Other cumulative traits  
7.95  
25  
Table 2- Population structure, percentage contribution and off take amounts by different reasons at each  
households (N=764).  
Age group  
Mean  
SD  
Percentage (%)  
Male kid  
1.6  
0.6  
12.1  
22  
44.2  
7.4  
1.6  
1.8  
4
9.1  
13.6  
3
3.1  
1.2  
13.1  
23.8  
48  
Female kid  
Weaned male  
Weaned female  
Doe  
Buck  
8
Castrated  
2.6  
1.8  
2.7  
100  
80  
60  
40  
20  
0
3 month 6 month 9 month 12 month  
Died  
Sold  
Shared  
Slaughtered  
Reason for leaving the population  
Figure 1 - Percentage of individuals leaving the population by different reason  
200  
Citation: Amare B, Gobeze M and Wondim B (2020). Implementation of community based breeding program to improve growth rate and milk production performance of  
abergelle goat. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(5): 197-202.  
Table 3 - Least square means of daily milk yield and lactation length of goats under village condition  
ADMY (ml)  
LSM ± SE  
LL (weeks)  
Variables  
N
N
LSM ± SE  
Over all  
1033  
338.8  
1033  
8.9  
CV (% )  
Season of birth (p)  
Dry  
Wet  
Year (p)  
2006  
2007  
2008  
Parity  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
-
39.2  
0.0001  
-
-
35.2  
0.0002  
6.2±0.3b  
8.7±0.3  
0.0002  
9.7±0.4a  
7.1±0.4b  
5.5±0.4  
0.0003  
7.6±0.4b  
8.4±0.4a  
9.0±0.4a  
8.8±0.3a  
8.5±0.3a  
7.7±0.4a  
7.4±0.5b  
7.6±0.8b  
423  
610  
226.4±13.8b  
368.9±13.3a  
0.0001  
423  
610  
366  
324  
344  
-
159  
167  
166  
201  
145  
99  
440±14.4a  
409.6±14.1b  
375.1±13.4c  
0.0002  
366  
324  
344  
-
159  
167  
166  
201  
145  
99  
224.3±13.5b  
269.2±13.3a  
281.5±13.5a  
292.5±13.3a  
257.3±13.3a  
275.7±14.9a  
280.7±18.1a  
275.7±25.6a  
48  
19  
48  
19  
8
ADMY = Average daily milk yield, LL= Lactation length  
Table 4 - Least square means (± SE) of live body weights at different age (Kg) of Abergelle goats under village  
condition  
BWT  
LSM ± SE  
TMWT  
LSM ± SE  
SMWT  
LSM ± SE  
NMWT  
LSM ± SE  
YWT  
LSM ± SE  
Variables  
N
N
N
N
N
Over all  
CV%  
Sex (p)  
Male  
1372  
26.5  
-
707  
665  
2
942  
20.4  
-
498  
444  
7.2  
-
0.06  
7.4±0.17  
7.3±0.17  
0.001  
836  
21.13  
-
452  
384  
10.09  
-
0.04  
10.1±0.25a  
9.79±0.26b  
0.051  
632  
12.8  
-
333  
299  
13  
371  
15.6  
-
181  
190  
15.9  
-
0.07  
16.6±0.4  
16.6±0.4  
0.06  
-
-
0.06  
0.07  
2.02±0.04  
1.97±0.04  
0.0001  
2.07±0.04a  
1.93±0.06b  
13.36±0.24  
13.14±0.25  
0.06  
Female  
Birth type (p)  
Single  
1271  
51  
881  
31  
7.7±0.23a  
7.03±0.15b  
783  
27  
9.95±0.34  
9.92±0.22  
603  
15  
13.48±0.35  
13.02±0.22  
360  
11  
17.00±0.77  
16.13±0.24  
Twin  
Season of  
birth (p)  
-
0.0001  
-
0.06  
-
0.06  
-
0.062  
-
0.064  
Dry  
533  
839  
-
395  
393  
373  
210  
-
217  
215  
204  
226  
193  
133  
75  
1.96±0.05b  
2.05±0.04a  
0.0001  
1.7±0.05d  
1.9±0.05c  
2.1±0.05b  
2.4±0.06a  
0.05  
1.87±0.05  
1.95±0.05  
2.06±0.05  
2.03±0.05  
1.99±0.04  
2.04±0.05  
2.06±0.06  
2.05±0.09  
407  
535  
7.4±0.17  
7.34±0.17  
0.0001  
7.01±0.18b  
.07±0.18b  
8.02±0.17a  
-
335  
501  
0.0001  
263  
278  
295  
-
10.1±0.26  
9.8±0.25  
0.0001  
9.34±0.27b  
9.21±0.26b  
11.26±0.26a  
-
223  
409  
0.0001  
220  
214  
198  
-
13.38±0.26  
13.12±0.24  
0.0001  
12.76±0.26b  
13.06±0.25b  
13.94±0.26a  
-
118  
253  
16.9±0.44  
16.23±0.4  
0.0001  
15.4±0.4b  
17.48±0.45a  
16.8±0.45ab  
-
Wet  
Year (p)  
2014  
319  
294  
329  
-
156  
92  
123  
-
0.06  
64  
56  
73  
82  
49  
31  
11  
4
2015  
2016  
2017  
Parity (p)  
-
0.052  
-
0.06  
-
0.06  
0.06  
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
147  
154  
150  
179  
143  
86  
7.11±0.16  
7.68±0.15  
7.54±0.15  
7.59±0.14  
7.67±0.15  
7.71±0.17  
7.01±0.24  
7.29±0.36  
127  
138  
130  
160  
127  
81  
9.87±0.24  
10.23±0.23  
9.85±0.24  
10.1±0.22  
10.28±0.23  
10.7±0.26  
9.95±0.4  
9.81±0.56  
93  
13.3±0.24  
13.35±0.24  
13.23±0.23  
13.320.22  
13.42±0.23  
13.32±0.27  
12.5±0.35  
13.02±0.53  
16.8±0.52  
16.3±0.53  
16.34±0.51  
16.78±0.5  
16.52±0.5  
17.21±0.57  
16.74±0.8  
15.8±1.25  
99  
112  
124  
96  
52  
40  
32  
24  
34  
17  
15  
10  
BWT=birth weight, TMWT=three month weight, SMWT=six month weight, NMWT=nine month weight, YWT= yearling weight, N= total  
population, LSM= least square means and SE= standard error,  
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS  
Community based breeding program is compatible and simple strategy that goes in line with farmers breeding practice  
as it can avoid negative selection due to the elite sires were able to stay and mate at the breeding population. Higher body  
weight of the adult male (birth weight through yearling weight) with its color and strong feeding behavior were the most  
preferable traits, on the other hand milk production and good mothering ability were set for the doe’s. Mean birth weight  
of kids has increased from 1.7 Kg to 2.4 Kg in the intervened pilot village. Off take rates were high during nine month to  
yearling periods that the farmers either sale the animals or share them to the herder to cover their wider demand. Based  
on the above strong justification the following recommendations are forwarded.  
201  
Citation: Amare B, Gobeze M and Wondim B (2020). Implementation of community based breeding program to improve growth rate and milk production performance of  
abergelle goat. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(5): 197-202.  
 
Genetic improvement in a single pilot-village will not bring an overall population improvement of the  
breed, and hence there is a need of scaling out of the breeding program to all the neighboring communities.  
Selection of sire before nine month should be recommended in order to reduce negative selection.  
Reproductive technologies (estrus synchronization with timed artificial insemination) need to be used in the  
community based villages to provide wider improved genotypes within a single breeding season.  
All doe’s are not productive in terms of higher litter size and milk production at every stage of their  
reproductive age. So, keeping of very high parity dams will not provide profitable income to the households.  
Since larger number of nine month to yearling male goats are leaving the village in one or other reasons,  
selection of bucks starting from nine months of age should be emphasized in the future.  
Forage development strategies should be designed to improve data quality, improve production capacity of the  
breed and sustainability of the breeding program.  
DECLARATIONS  
The authors declare that we have not conflict of interest. Bewketu Amare, Mulat Gobeze and Bekahagn Wondem have  
declared and agree the rule of the journal and put the signatures on the declaration form. We all are first  
Authors/corresponding Authors of the papers. The contributions of the Authors are from initiation of the paper until final  
write up.  
Acknowledgment  
The Authors would like to thank Sekota dry land agricultural research center, Ethiopia for their support  
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Citation: Amare B, Gobeze M and Wondim B (2020). Implementation of community based breeding program to improve growth rate and milk production performance of  
abergelle goat. Online J. Anim. Feed Res., 10(5): 197-202.